This book does not assume that you have any prior statistical knowledge.
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What you do need is to know whether the right test has been used and how to interpret the resulting figures. To do this, you do not need to know how to do a statistical analysis. Whether you love or hate statistics, you need to have some understanding of the subject if you want to critically appraise a paper. This book is designed for healthcare students and professionals who need a basic knowledge of when common statistical terms are used and what they mean. Standard deviation, relative risk, confidence intervals, chi-squared and P values Odds ratios and confidence intervals Correlation and regression Survival analysis and risk reduction Sensitivity, specificity and predictive valuesĪRR BMI BP CI df HR IQR LR NNH NNT NPV P PPV RRR SDĪbsolute risk reduction body mass index blood pressure confidence interval degrees of freedom hazard ratio inter-quartile range likelihood ratio number needed to harm number needed to treat negative predictive value probability positive predictive value relative risk reduction standard deviation Statistics which analyze clinical investigations and screening Sensitivity, specificity and predictive value Level of agreement and Kappa Statistics which analyze survival Survival analysis: life tables and Kaplan–Meier plots The Cox regression model Statistics which analyze relationships Correlation Regression Statistics which compare risk Risk ratio Odds ratio Risk reduction and numbers needed to treat Statistics which test differences t tests and other parametric tests Mann-Whitney and other non-parametric tests Chi-squared Statistics which test confidence Confidence intervals P values Statistics which describe data Percentages Mean Median Mode Standard deviation Distributed in the rest of the world by Thomson Publishing Services Cheriton House North Way Andover, Hampshire SP10 5BE, UK Tel.: +44 (0)1264 332424 E-mail: ISBN 9-7 (Adobe eReader Format) ISBN 1 85996 219 x (Print Edition) Published in the United States of America, its dependent territories and Canada by Springer-Verlag New York Inc., 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010-7858, in association with Martin Dunitz, an imprint of the Taylor and Francis Group. For detailed prescribing information or instructions on the use of any product or procedure discussed herein, please consult the prescribing information or instructional material issued by the manufacturer. Neither the publishers nor the authors can be held responsible for errors or for any consequences arising from the use of information contained herein. Although every effort has been made to ensure that drug doses and other information are presented accurately in this publication, the ultimate responsibility rests with the prescribing physician. Although every effort has been made to ensure that all owners of copyright material have been acknowledged in this publication, we would be glad to acknowledge in subsequent reprints or editions any omissions brought to our attention. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1P 0LP. © 2003 Martin Dunitz, an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group First published in the United Kingdom 2003 by Martin Dunitz, an imprint of the Taylor and Francis Group, 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE Tel: +44 (0) 20 7583 9855 Fax: +44 (0) 20 7842 2298 Email: website: This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2004. MEDICAL STATISTICS MADE EASY Michael Harris General Practitioner and Lecturer in General Practice, Bath, UK and Gordon Taylor Senior Research Fellow in Medical Statistics, University of Bath, Bath, UK
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